What are synthetic drugs?

Synthetic drugs (or new psychoactive substances (NPS), aim to mimic the effects of existing illicit drugs (such as cannabis, cocaine, MDMA and LSD).

Synthetic drugs have different chemical structures from the illicit substances they are trying to mimic. Manufacturers of synthetic drugs constantly change their chemical structures to try and stay ahead of the law.

Some synthetic drugs can be marketed as ‘legal’, safe and acceptable alternatives to illicit drugs. However, this does not mean that they are legal or safe.

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There is no recommended dosage on a packet of synthetic drugs. The chemicals can also change from one packet to the next. Two packets from the same batch can affect you in different ways.

Synthetic drugs are not quality controlled or regulated, so there are concerns over what is actually in them.

Given how often synthetic drugs emerge, it is hard to know how harmful these drugs are in any dose. There is limited research on the short- and long-term effects of these substances. However synthetic cannabis is reported to have more serious side-effects than cannabis.

To obtain research chemicals and controlled substances from the NIDA DSP, all research investigators will need to prepare a Request Package. A Request Package should include the following items:

1.  A cover letter including:

1. Name, phone number and e-mail address of Research Investigator (and consignee, if applicable),
   • Provide a current and complete address that would allow shipment by a suitable carrier such as Federal Express (FedEx) (i.e. street address, building name or number, room number, city and state) – This address should coincide with the address on the DEA order form.
   • For radio-labeled drugs or chemical substances, indicate the address to which such materials will be shipped.  In case the shipping address is different from the researcher’s address, a current copy of the radioactive materials license must be submitted.
2. If applicable, NIH grant number of project and name and contact information of project’s NIDA/NIH Program Officer.  If a non-grantee, no information on Program Officer and grant number is required.

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1. Name(s) and quantity of compounds or other substances being requested,
   • The total radioactivity (preferred units of measurement, mg per vial, etc.)
   • If multiple studies/tasks are planned, combine projected needs into a single order rather than placing several separate requests in a short time interval. The request should generally be limited to four items or drugs/compounds per order to avoid delay.
   • Avoid drug abbreviations, and include specifications such as (+), (‑), (dl), base, or salt, as appropriate.  Please visit the NIDA Drug Supply Catalog (PDF, 11.6MB) (this document is not fully accessible, for help viewing this content, please contact Mary MacDonald, for drug supply information.

2.  The Research Investigator’s curriculum vitae (CV).

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3.  A detailed research protocol clearly indicating:

1. The specific aims and goals of proposed study (preferably the study abstract)
2. The number of experiments and experimental subjects
3. The dosages or concentration of drugs
   • Calculate required amount of drugs or chemical substances for your project and submit your request well in advance of your planned experiments or tasks, or 6‑8 weeks prior to depletion of stock on hand for ongoing studies/tasks.
4. Justification of quantities of drug(s) requested.  If the request is related to a previously submitted protocol, provide a reference to this protocol and a brief statement of progress along with references to resulting publications.

4.  Statement of commitment that NIDA will be acknowledged in research publications using the NIDA Drug Supply Program.

5.  A completed DEA Order Form-222 for Schedule I-II controlled substances.

• DEA Form-222 is not necessary for drugs in Schedules III‑V, but a valid registration for the appropriate schedule is required.
• Under the third column of DEA Form-222 (Size of Package), list quantities as bulk weight. Radio-labeled compounds must be listed by weight and NOT by units of activity.

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6. A copy of current DEA registration, Form DEA-223 for controlled substances.

• It is the Research Investigator’s responsibility to keep his/her registration current and to verify the drug code for requested drug.
• Investigators who request a Schedule I drug and/or Etorphine HCl or Diprenorphine must provide DEA documentation under which the requested drug is covered under their current DEA registration.
• Avoid drug abbreviations, and include specifications such as (+), (‑), (dl), base, or salt, as appropriate.

7. For radioactive compounds, a copy of Nuclear Regulatory Commission license.  For more information, please visit the Nuclear Regulatory Commission licensing website.

8. For clinical research projects involving human subjects

1. Investigational New Drug (IND) number and a copy of approved IND letter from the FDA. For more information, please visit the FDA IND Application website.
2. A copy of your Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval letter ,
3. A copy of your Data Safety and Monitoring Plan,
4. Proof of registration with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT #)
5. A copy of the study consent form(s)

9. For basic (non-human) research projects

1. A copy of the document demonstrating that the research is approved by the Animal Care & Use Committee and that adequate care in conducting animal research will be exercised (if applicable).  For more information, please visit the Animal Care & Use Committee Animal Study Proposal website.

10. For ongoing research projects (This includes research previously supported by the NIH prior to request)

1. Reference information¹ pertaining the previous protocol / FDA approval to the previous protocol
2. A brief statement of progress (500 words or less)
3. A list of any relevant publications.

11. Billing Information for Shipping Costs:

1. US investigators should provide their FedEx account number to bill shipping charges,
2. International requests for controlled compounds should provide their United Parcel Service (UPS) Supply Chain Solutions account number to bill shipping charges. For non-controlled compounds the investigator should provide their FedEx account number.

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12. For Foreign Investigators, please submit the Import Permit (preferably in English) issued by an appropriate agency of your government if the request is for an internationally controlled drug substance. The name of the supplier on the import permit must be listed as follows:

Research Triangle Institute
Kenneth S. Rehder Ph.D.
Hermann Building , East Institute Drive
P.O. Box 12194
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA

• The import permit should be accompanied by a signed statement from the investigator to the effect that the drug will be used solely for the purpose of research and will not be re-exported. The import permit must contain a clear address and individual name to which the requested drug is to be delivered (not a post office box number). Shipment should be indicated on the import permit as Air Freight to this individual. Specify the appropriate port for customs clearance purposes and provide the name and address of the Customs Clearance Agent, if one is used.
• Please obtain the longest possible expiration date on import permits.
• Foreign investigators requesting drugs or other substances that are not very stable should be certain to make advance arrangements that would allow these drugs or other substances to be released to them expeditiously. This is particularly relevant when dealing with radioactive materials with high specific activity (>1.0 Ci/mmol). These compounds are shipped as solutions in ice and will not stay cold for more than 48 hours; they must be retrieved and put in cold storage immediately to prevent decomposition.
• Foreign investigators should also be aware that compounds are shipped with a listed value for insurance purposes. Since this may cause problems with customs officials, investigators should determine in advance what steps should be taken to avoid these complications. Often an official statement that the compounds are for research only and have no commercial value is sufficient.

Helpful Notes:

Failure to comply with aforesaid guidelines may delay the processing of your request.

NOTE 1:  ETORPHINE AND DIPRENORPHINE – Request for either of these two compounds should be made on separate order forms when ordering additional compounds at the same time. Etorphine hydrochloride and diprenorphine (free base or hydrochloride) are Schedule II drugs, however etorphine free base is a Schedule I drug. Therefore, etorphine free base should be order using DEA Form-222 as is appropriate for all Schedule I drugs.

NOTE 2:  CARFENTANIL, ETORPHINE AND DIPRENORPHINE – The DEA registration of a research investigator requesting these compounds must show the proper registration for such compounds.

What Are Research Chemicals?

Research chemicals are substances which are use recreationally by people seeking to alter their moods and get high.1 Research chemicals (RC’s) are dangerous and do not have a legitimate or legal purpose for the general public. Despite the name, research chemicals is not chemicals use in scientific research.

In the context of substance abuse,People poorly understands research chemicals and that can be very dangerous. While MDMA is not a research chemical, some of these substances  associates with MDMA-like effects when you ingeste. Find out more about research chemicals in this scientific article.

In medical and scientific research, as outline by the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), there are chemicals that can be use for research purposes,

to develop new pharmaceutical remedies or investigate the effects of specific molecules.²

However, research chemicals used to get high are a different type of substance altogether.³ These substances  developes in a lab and frequently have mechanisms of action or effects that mimic those of other abused substances such as marijuana,

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opioids, or cocaine. These drugs  then sells to people with little understanding of their chemical constituents or actual effects for the mere purpose of recreational use.

Although the chemicals may have once derived from legitimate chemical research, the term research chemicals is misleading and hides how dangerous these psychoactive substances can be.¹

In their legitimate scientific form, research chemicals are just that—new chemicals in the research stage of development, so they come with hypotheses about their potential uses but little in terms of controlled studies and probable health risks. Chemical formulas  obtaine by copying publicly publish research; the structure  replicates and then mass-produces and they sell, typically through online vendors.⁴ Some vendors are selling research chemicals on social media apps, such as Instagram and Snapchat.⁵

Research Chemical Laws

Research chemicals are commonly classified as synthetic drugs for legal and regulatory purposes. Synthetics are a broad grouping of drugs which include MDMA (ecstasy), ketamine, synthetic cathinones (bath salts), and synthetic cannabinoids (Spice and K2). Many agencies refer to these drugs as new psychoactive substances (NPS), as they are all manufactures in laboratory settings, and many of them have legal analogues that  developes specifically to bypass drug enforcement laws.¹ Often, the packaging for these products has the warning label: not for human consumption.

In the US, state and federal drug laws currently outlaw specific molecules or chemical structures, but research chemical manufacturers attempt to bypass these laws by changing the structure of the drug as new laws comes in power. This makes research chemicals even more unpredictable and dangerous; just because one batch led to a stimulant-like high, the next batch will not necessarily do the same thing. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime states in 2018, that most NPS reports around the world are either a combination of previously reports of NPS or slightly alter versions of previously reported chemicals.⁶ A total of 478 different NPS  identifies as being on the drug market as of 2017.